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Athar Osama holds a PhD in science and innovation policy from Pardee – RAND Graduate School in Santa Monica , California , USA.

AtharOsama在美国加州圣莫尼卡的帕蒂兰德研究生院获得了科学和创新政策博士学位。

mRNA differential display was established by Liang and Pardee in 1992 for the purpose of displaying the mRNA differences between two tissues .

mRNA差异显示法是由Liang和Pardee于1992年建立起来的，是用于显示不同组织和细胞之间mRNA差异的方法。

Pardee estimated that the lake once held as much as 2 , 500 cubic kilometres of water , the equivalent of Lake Ontario and Lake Erie combined .

Pardee推测湖中曾经荡漾着2500立方公里的湖水，相当于安大略湖和伊利湖的总和。

DDRT-PCR invented By Liang and Pardee has been considered one of the important methods used to isolate novel functional genes . But it also has higher false positives and lower reproducibility .

Liang和Pardee发明的DDRT-PCR技术［2］一直被视为筛选新基因的重要方法之一，但它存在假阳性率偏高和重复性较差的缺陷。

Differential display reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction ( DDRT-PCR ), one of the most widely employed techniques to identify differential gene expression , has become a powerful tool in the area of molecular genetics since 1992 when the technique was invented by Liang and Pardee .

差异显示反转录聚合酶链式反应，简称DDRT-PCR。因其操作简单、快速、灵敏性高、易重复等优点，自1992年由Liang和Pardee发明以来，已成为分子生物学领域一种强有力的工具，被广泛地用来分离差异表达的基因。