Markowitz formalised these ideas and drew up the mathematical formulae to optimise diversification .
马柯维茨整理了这些观点，推导出数学公式，使多样化达到最优。
Here 's a question , though : are these practical tips from markowitz and tobin as useful as their sophisticated academic theories ?
由此产生的一个问题是：这些来自马科维茨和托宾的实用小窍门是否和他们复杂的学术理论一样有效？
Markowitz showed how investors could pick an optimal portfolio of assets , minimising risk for any given expected return , or maximising expected return for any given risk .
