So what leverage does turkey actually have over its erstwhile ottoman dominion ?
因此，土耳其真正对它昔日奥斯曼帝国的领地拥有什么样的影响呢？
Through the long ottoman era , turks and russians fought many bloody wars .
在奥斯曼帝国的漫长历史上，土耳其与俄罗斯多次交手，战况惨烈。
The natural state of mesopotamia was mirrored in the three ottoman vilayets of kurdish mosul , sunni baghdad , and shiite basra .
美索不达米亚的天然国家源于奥斯曼帝国的三个行省：库尔德摩苏尔、逊尼巴格达和什叶巴士拉。
Armed with a firman , or ottoman permit , and financed by a group of rich backers in berlin , humann and his team , in 1878 , began excavating a site in bergama , near the modern city of izmir on the aegean coast of western turkey .
