In societies dominated by land-holding aristocracies .
在由拥有土地的贵族统治的社会里。
When one recalls how aristocracies in the past actually behaved , the prospect is not cheerful .
当一个人回忆过去贵族的所作所为，前景就不会乐观了。
In europe , family connections and the circumstances of one 's birth are considered crucial determinants of success , a consequence of the entrenched aristocracies in the united kingdom and , to a lesser extent , italy and france .
